If you’re searching for the best electric shavers for sensitive skin, I recommend models with advanced blade and foil systems designed to reduce irritation, like hypoallergenic, floating, or flexible blades. Waterproof, wet/dry options with skin-friendly features and long battery life give a smoother, more comfortable shave. Lightweight, ergonomic designs and easy maintenance also help. Stick around to discover top options that offer irritation-free results and gentle grooming tailored for sensitive skin.
Key Takeaways
- Look for models with advanced blade systems like MicroComb or floating blades that contour skin and reduce irritation.
- Prioritize waterproof and wet/dry features for gentle, customizable shaving routines on sensitive skin.
- Choose shavers with skin-friendly materials and hypoallergenic foils to minimize redness and skin issues.
- Opt for ergonomic, lightweight designs with multiple speed/settings for precise, comfortable control.
- Consider battery life, quick charging, and maintenance ease to ensure consistent, irritation-free performance.
Braun Electric Razor for Men with Trimmer, Rechargeable, Wet & Dry, Cleaning & Charging Station, and Travel Case
If you’re looking for a premium electric shaver that delivers a close, comfortable shave while protecting sensitive skin, the Braun Series 9 is an excellent choice. Its responsive intelligence adapts to facial contours, ensuring a personalized shave that’s quick and gentle. The specialized head shaves more hair in one stroke, reducing irritation. It features a built-in precision trimmer for detailed grooming and is fully waterproof for wet or dry use. With a sleek design, a travel case, and a cleaning station that maintains peak performance, this shaver offers convenience and efficiency—perfect for daily use or travel, making it a top-tier grooming tool.
Best For: men seeking a premium, close, and gentle shave with sensitive skin protection, ideal for daily grooming and travel.
Pros:
- Delivers a close, irritation-free shave thanks to responsive intelligence and specialized head
- Fully waterproof for versatile wet or dry use, with easy cleaning and maintenance via the alcohol-based station
- Elegant, durable design with accessories like a travel case and precision trimmer for detailed grooming
Cons:
- Higher price point may be a barrier for some users
- Cleaning station’s fluid replacement can be occasional but requires ongoing maintenance
- Not fully sealed for travel, so manual cleaning is still necessary during trips
Electric Razor for Men Cordless, Waterproof Rotary Shaver with USB Fast Charging
The Electric Razor for Men Cordless, Waterproof Rotary Shaver with USB Fast Charging is an excellent choice for those seeking a convenient and reliable grooming tool, especially for sensitive skin. Its lightweight, cordless design makes it perfect for travel, gym, or quick touch-ups. With waterproof capabilities, you can shave wet or dry, and easily clean it under tap water. The USB fast-charging feature provides 60 minutes of shave time from just 1.5 hours of charging, ensuring quick power-ups. Equipped with advanced 4D flex rotary blades, it adapts smoothly to facial contours, delivering a close, irritation-free shave every time.
Best For: those seeking a versatile, gentle, and travel-friendly electric shaver suitable for sensitive skin and quick grooming routines.
Pros:
- Cordless, waterproof design allows for wet or dry shaving and easy cleaning under tap water.
- Advanced 4D flex rotary blades adapt to facial contours for a close, irritation-free shave.
- USB fast charging provides 60 minutes of use from just 1.5 hours of charging, ideal for travel and daily use.
Cons:
- Some users may find the performance less satisfactory if not used with proper technique or expectations.
- The digital display feature may not be available on all models, which could affect user experience.
- As with any grooming device, durability depends on proper maintenance; some users report wear over time.
Ufree Beard Trimmer for Men, Waterproof Electric Razor
Ufree Beard Trimmer for Men stands out as a versatile grooming tool, especially for those with sensitive skin. It offers 6 interchangeable heads, perfect for trimming face, beard, mustache, nose hair, and private areas. Its waterproof design makes it safe to use in wet conditions and easy to clean with the included brush. The high-quality stainless steel blades with skin-friendly edges ensure quick, irritation-free trims. With a rechargeable battery providing 90 minutes of use and an LED indicator, it’s both convenient and efficient. This waterproof, multi-functional trimmer is an excellent choice for all-encompassing grooming without compromising skin comfort.
Best For: men and women seeking a versatile, waterproof grooming device with skin-friendly blades for detailed trimming of face, beard, mustache, nose, and private areas.
Pros:
- Multi-functional with 6 interchangeable heads for comprehensive grooming needs
- Waterproof and washable design for safe use in wet conditions and easy cleaning
- High-quality stainless steel blades with skin-friendly edges for irritation-free trimming
Cons:
- Battery life may require frequent recharging for extended use
- Slightly longer charging time (1.5 hours) compared to some competitors
- Might be less effective for extremely thick or coarse hair compared to heavy-duty trimmers
OLOV Electric Body Hair Trimmer for Men and Women
For those seeking a gentle yet effective grooming tool, the OLOV Electric Body Hair Trimmer stands out as an ideal choice for both men and women with sensitive skin. Designed specifically for below-the-waist areas, it trims groin, pubic, bikini, armpit, legs, and body hair quickly and precisely. Its soft ceramic blades prevent pulling, cutting, or irritation, while two adjustable guards help customize hair length. Waterproof for use in the shower and easy to clean, the trimmer offers convenience and hygiene. Rechargeable, portable, and equipped with replaceable blades, it ensures a comfortable, reliable grooming experience tailored for sensitive skin.
Best For: individuals with sensitive skin seeking a gentle, effective, and versatile below-the-waist grooming tool for both men and women.
Pros:
- Soft ceramic blades prevent pulling, cutting, or irritation, ideal for sensitive skin.
- Waterproof design allows use in the shower and easy cleaning for enhanced hygiene.
- Rechargeable and portable, providing convenience and flexibility for grooming anywhere.
Cons:
- May require replacement of ceramic blades over time for optimal performance.
- Limited to below-the-waist grooming, not suitable for facial or upper body areas.
- Adjustable guards may not accommodate very coarse or thick hair as effectively.
Electric Razor for Men, Cordless, Waterproof, Fast Charging, with Trimmer & Precision Blades
If you’re searching for an electric razor that combines convenience with gentle performance, this cordless, waterproof model is an excellent choice. It’s lightweight and travel-friendly, perfect for grooming at home or on the go. The waterproof design supports wet or dry shaving, and it’s easy to clean by rinsing under tap water. With fast USB charging, it offers about 60 minutes of shaving from just 1.5 hours of charge. Equipped with durable, sharp dual steel blades and advanced 4D Flex rotary technology, it adapts to facial contours, providing a close, irritation-free shave suitable for sensitive skin. Plus, the built-in trimmer helps shape sideburns and details effortlessly.
Best For: men seeking a versatile, gentle, and convenient electric razor suitable for sensitive skin, travel, and quick grooming routines.
Pros:
- Cordless, lightweight, and travel-friendly for on-the-go grooming.
- Waterproof design supports wet or dry shaving, and easy to clean under tap water.
- Advanced 4D Flex rotary blades ensure close, smooth, and irritation-free shaves.
Cons:
- Some users may find performance inconsistent if not used properly or if expectations are not aligned.
- Battery life, while generally impressive, might vary with usage patterns.
- Price point may be higher than basic models, depending on features and brand preferences.
Philips Norelco Shaver 3900 Series Electric Shaver
The Philips Norelco Shaver 3900 Series is an excellent choice for those with sensitive skin who want a gentle yet effective shave. Its SkinProtect Technology and 5D pivoting head adapt smoothly to face and neck contours, reducing irritation. ComfortCut blades with rounded caps glide comfortably just above the skin, ensuring a close, irritation-free shave. The shaver supports both wet and dry use, making it versatile for different preferences. With up to 60 minutes of cordless shaving from a quick 1-hour charge, it’s perfect for daily grooming. Its sleek Storm Blue design, travel pouch, and ergonomic build add convenience and portability to your routine.
Best For: individuals with sensitive skin seeking a gentle, effective shave that adapts well to face and neck contours.
Pros:
- SkinProtect Technology reduces irritation for sensitive skin.
- Supports both wet and dry shaving for versatile use.
- Long-lasting 60-minute cordless shave from a quick 1-hour charge.
Cons:
- Power adapter is not included, which may require an additional purchase.
- The set does not come with replacement blades or a cleaning station.
- Limited color options, primarily Storm Blue, which may not suit all preferences.
Philips Norelco OneBlade 360 Hybrid Face Trimmer and Shaver
The Philips Norelco OneBlade 360 Hybrid Face Trimmer and Shaver stands out as an ideal choice for those with sensitive skin who want a safe and comfortable grooming experience. Its innovative 360 Blade technology flexes in all directions, ensuring constant skin contact for precise trimming and shaving, even in hard-to-reach areas. The dual Protection System with glide coating and rounded tips minimizes irritation, making it gentle on sensitive skin. Waterproof for wet or dry use, it includes a 5-in-1 adjustable comb for versatile styling. With a fast-moving cutter and open comb design, it delivers efficient, nick-free grooming that’s safe and comfortable for daily use.
Best For: individuals with sensitive skin seeking a safe, comfortable, and versatile grooming device for facial and body grooming.
Pros:
- Innovative 360 Blade technology ensures precise trimming and shaving in hard-to-reach areas with constant skin contact.
- Dual Protection System with glide coating and rounded tips minimizes skin irritation, ideal for sensitive skin.
- Waterproof design allows for wet or dry use, providing convenience and easy cleaning.
Cons:
- The 8-hour charging time may be lengthy for some users needing quick power-ups.
- Replacement blades typically last around 4 months, requiring periodic maintenance.
- Lacks a wall adapter, potentially inconvenient for users without USB charging access.
Braun Series 3 310s Electric Shaver for Men
Designed for men seeking a comfortable shave, the Braun Series 3 310s electric shaver features a 3-pressure-sensitive system that contours to the face, ensuring a close and irritation-free experience. Its patented SensoFoil twin foils protect skin while efficiently cutting both long and short hairs with an integrated middle trimmer. Fully waterproof, it supports wet or dry use, making it versatile for shower shaving or with foam or gel. The ergonomic design offers a firm grip, and its rechargeable NiMH batteries provide quick charging and reliable performance. Ideal for light to medium beards, it’s a budget-friendly, low-maintenance option that delivers smooth, irritation-free results.
Best For: men with light to medium beards seeking an affordable, comfortable, and easy-to-maintain electric shaver for both wet and dry use.
Pros:
- Affordable price point with low maintenance costs
- Waterproof design allows for versatile wet or dry shaving
- Ergonomic grip and smooth operation for irritation-free shaving
Cons:
- Limited effectiveness on thick, coarse, or dense beards
- Battery life may decline over time, requiring replacement or repair
- Lack of additional accessories like side trimmers and limited head replacement options
Electric Foil Shaver for Men: Portable Electric Razor with 3 Floating Blades, LED Display, USB-C Fast Recharge, IPX7 Waterproof for Travel & Home
For men seeking a reliable, portable shaver that delivers a close, irritation-free shave, this electric foil razor stands out with its three floating blades and flexible hypoallergenic foils. Its compact, lightweight design is perfect for travel and daily use, featuring an ergonomic handle for comfort. The IPX7 waterproof rating allows safe use in the shower and easy cleaning, while the LED display shows real-time battery info. With USB-C fast charging, a full 90-minute charge provides up to 100 minutes of cordless shaving. Its flexible foil system adapts to facial contours, ensuring a smooth shave without irritation—ideal for sensitive skin on the go or at home.
Best For: men seeking a portable, reliable electric shaver that provides a close, irritation-free shave suitable for travel and daily grooming.
Pros:
- Compact, lightweight design ideal for travel and everyday use
- Effective floating blades with hypoallergenic foils for sensitive skin
- Fast USB-C charging with long battery life and real-time LED display
Cons:
- Protective cap may be loose and require careful packing
- May be less effective on very thick or dense beards
- Slightly limited on heavy beard growth or longer facial hair
Braun Series 3 Electric Razor with Trimmer for Men
If you have sensitive skin and need a reliable, close shave, the Braun Series 3 Electric Razor with Trimmer for Men stands out as an excellent choice. Its MicroComb technology captures more hair with each stroke, making shaving faster and more efficient, especially on 3-day beards. The triple action cutting system and SensoFoil ensure smooth skin contact and reduce irritation. Waterproof and designed for durability, it can be used wet or dry, even in the shower. With a 45-minute cordless runtime and quick 5-minute charge, it’s perfect for travel. The included precision trimmer adds versatility for mustaches and sideburns, making it a practical, value-packed option.
Best For: men with sensitive skin seeking a close, comfortable shave that is quick, efficient, and suitable for wet or dry use.
Pros:
- Delivers a close, comfortable shave with MicroComb technology and SensoFoil
- Waterproof design allows use in shower and easy rinsing under water
- Long-lasting battery with 45-minute cordless runtime and quick 5-minute charge
Cons:
- Replacement heads can be costly at around $25 each
- Lack of a dedicated travel case may be inconvenient for frequent travelers
- Some users may notice minor differences in battery life between models
Remington Limitless X7 Shaver for Men
The Remington Limitless X7 Shaver for Men stands out with its hybrid foil and rotary cutting system, making it an excellent choice for those with sensitive skin who need a close yet comfortable shave. Its advanced SynX hybrid system, titanium-coated blades, and 360-degree PivotBall ensure smooth navigation across face contours, capturing hair efficiently in tricky areas. With over 130,000 cuts per minute and flexing blades, it minimizes passes and reduces irritation. The shaver’s water-resistant design allows use with foam or gel, and its Power Sense Technology adapts to hair thickness for ideal comfort. Long-lasting battery life and quick charging make it a versatile, reliable grooming tool.
Best For: individuals with sensitive skin seeking a close, comfortable shave with versatile wet and dry capabilities.
Pros:
- Combines foil and rotary cutting systems for efficient hair removal across face contours
- Water-resistant design allows use with foam or gel and easy cleaning
- Long-lasting battery life with quick charge and USB compatibility for travel convenience
Cons:
- Some users experience early battery failure or charging issues
- Slightly higher price point compared to basic shavers
- Occasional reports of quality control concerns affecting durability
Braun Series 5 5120s Electric Shaver for Men with Beard Trimmer
The Braun Series 5 5120s Electric Shaver stands out as an excellent choice for men seeking a comfortable, close shave without irritating sensitive skin. Its foil shaving system, combined with three flexible blades, adapts seamlessly to face contours, ensuring a gentle yet effective shave. The shaver offers two modes—Standard and Turbo—for quick, powerful action when needed. Powered by a durable Li-Ion battery, it provides up to 50 minutes of cordless use, suitable for wet or dry shaving. With a sleek blue design, built-in beard trimmer, and attachments, it combines reliability, versatility, and comfort for sensitive skin.
Best For: men with sensitive skin seeking a comfortable, close shave that adapts to face contours and offers versatile grooming options.
Pros:
- Gentle on sensitive skin due to flexible blades and foil system
- Up to 50 minutes cordless operation with quick charging option
- Includes beard trimmer and attachments for comprehensive grooming
Cons:
- May be more expensive compared to basic shavers
- Requires regular cleaning and maintenance for optimal performance
- Some users might prefer a rotary shaver over foil for certain face shapes
Electric Razor for Men, Rechargeable Waterproof Wet Dry Cordless Shaver
For men seeking a versatile and convenient shaving option, the rechargeable waterproof wet/dry cordless shaver offers a practical solution. It features 3D floating stainless steel blades that conform to face, neck, and jawlines for a quick, clean shave. With LED indicators for charge, wash reminders, and travel lock, it’s easy to manage. Its waterproof design allows use with soap or cream and simple rinsing after use. While some find it slow or less effective for thick or coarse hair, it offers up to 120 minutes of cordless operation from a 2-hour charge. Overall, it’s an affordable, user-friendly choice for casual grooming and travel.
Best For: casual shavers and travelers seeking an affordable, easy-to-use waterproof electric razor for light grooming and quick touch-ups.
Pros:
- Easy to clean and maintain with waterproof design and rinse capability
- Cordless operation with long battery life offering up to 120 minutes of use after a 2-hour charge
- Features LED indicators for convenient management of charging, wash reminders, and safety locks
Cons:
- Less effective for trimming thick, coarse, or dense facial hair like beards and nose hair
- Some users report limited trimming power and internal blade visibility issues
- Safety features and slow trimming may reduce efficiency for detailed grooming tasks
Remington F5 Power Series Foil Shaver for Men
If you’re seeking an affordable, reliable electric shaver that delivers a close and comfortable shave, the Remington F5 Power Series Foil Shaver is an excellent choice for sensitive skin. Its Pivot & FlexFoil Technology allows it to adapt to facial contours, providing smooth contact with minimal irritation. The Intercept Shaving Technology pre-trims longer hairs for fewer passes, reducing skin stress. With a 3-stage cutting system and built-in trimmer, it offers precise grooming. The cordless design provides 60 minutes of runtime, and cleaning is simple with water rinsing. Many users find it surpasses expectations, delivering a close, irritation-free shave at an affordable price point.
Best For: those seeking an affordable, reliable electric shaver that provides a close, comfortable shave with minimal irritation, especially suitable for sensitive skin.
Pros:
- Delivers a close shave comparable to traditional blades with less skin irritation
- Easy to clean by rinsing under water, ensuring hygiene and maintenance simplicity
- Affordable price point (~$45) offers excellent value and performance
Cons:
- Cleaning the cutters can be challenging due to the cutter design
- May require an initial adjustment period of 3-4 shaves to minimize skin irritation
- Slight noise during operation might be noticeable, although it does not affect performance
Rechargeable Electric Razor for Men
A rechargeable electric razor for men stands out as an ideal choice for those seeking a convenient, hassle-free grooming experience. Its modern, sleek neon blue design is lightweight, easy to hold, and visually appealing. Built with durable blades and components, it’s waterproof (IPX6 rated), making rinsing under water or in the shower effortless. The razor’s 5D floating head with hypoallergenic blades adapts smoothly to jawlines, neck, and cheekbones, ensuring close, irritation-free shaves. With a 90-minute battery life, quick 30-minute charging, and a digital display, it’s perfect for travel or daily use. Plus, the pop-up trimmer adds versatility for grooming beards and sideburns.
Best For: men seeking a stylish, reliable, and versatile electric razor suitable for daily grooming, travel, and quick touch-ups.
Pros:
- Modern neon blue design that is lightweight, ergonomic, and visually appealing
- 5D floating hypoallergenic blades for close, irritation-free shaves on various facial contours
- Waterproof (IPX6 rated) with easy rinsing, and a long-lasting battery with quick charging capabilities
Cons:
- May be more expensive than basic shavers, depending on the model
- Requires regular cleaning and maintenance to ensure optimal performance
- Some users might find the multiple features and settings slightly complex initially
Factors to Consider When Choosing Electric Shavers for Sensitive Skin
When choosing an electric shaver for sensitive skin, I look for features like gentle blade technology and skin-friendly shaving systems to avoid irritation. Waterproof and wet/dry options make grooming more versatile, while battery life and quick charging are also important. Plus, an ergonomic, compact design helps guarantee a comfortable, easy shave every time.
Gentle Blade Technology
Gentle blade technology plays a crucial role in choosing an electric shaver for sensitive skin because it minimizes irritation and reduces the risk of cuts. Hypoallergenic, rounded, or coated blades help prevent skin abrasions and discomfort during shaving. Shavers with flexible or floating heads adapt better to facial contours, decreasing pressure and friction on delicate skin. Advanced blade systems often incorporate skin-friendly materials like ceramic or protective polymers, which further lower irritation. These shavers typically have fewer moving parts and softer contact surfaces, ensuring a smoother, less abrasive experience. Proper blade design prevents pulling or tugging hair, reducing redness, ingrown hairs, and discomfort. Overall, gentle blade technology is essential for a close, irritation-free shave on sensitive skin.
Waterproof and Wet/Dry
Choosing a waterproof and wet/dry electric shaver can substantially enhance your grooming routine, especially if you have sensitive skin. These shavers let you use water, foam, or gel, which helps reduce friction and irritation. Fully waterproof models can be rinsed under tap water, making cleaning quick and hygienic. An IPX7-rated shaver, for example, can be submerged in water up to a meter for 30 minutes, ensuring durability during wet shaves. Switching between dry and wet shaving gives you flexibility, allowing you to choose the most comfortable method for your skin. Water and moisture help minimize irritation by creating a smoother glide over sensitive skin, making your shave less abrasive. Overall, waterproof and wet/dry features make shaving gentler, more versatile, and easier to maintain.
Skin-Friendly Shaving Systems
Selecting an electric shaver that’s truly skin-friendly involves more than just choosing a brand name; you need to contemplate features that specifically reduce irritation. Look for models with hypoallergenic blades and foils designed to minimize nicks, cuts, and irritation. Flexible or multi-directional heads help the shaver adapt to facial contours, ensuring gentle contact and preventing excessive pressure. Technologies like rounded blade caps, skin guards, and glide coatings decrease friction and skin irritation during shaving. Adjustable or multiple shaving modes let you select gentler settings tailored to sensitive skin. Additionally, systems with wet and dry functionality enable shaving with water, foam, or gel, providing a soothing barrier that reduces irritation. These features together make for a more comfortable, irritation-free shave.
Battery and Charging Efficiency
When it comes to electric shavers for sensitive skin, battery and charging efficiency play a crucial role in ensuring a hassle-free grooming experience. A high-quality shaver should charge quickly—ideally within 1 to 1.5 hours—so you’re not left waiting. Long battery life, such as 50 minutes or more, allows me to complete multiple shaves without frequent recharging, which is especially helpful for busy mornings or travel. Quick charge features are a game-changer—just 5 to 15 minutes of charging gives me enough power for a quick shave, perfect for emergencies. An LED or digital display showing remaining battery percentage helps me plan ahead, avoiding surprises mid-shave. Plus, universal voltage compatibility ensures my shaver recharges efficiently whether I’m at home or abroad.
Ergonomic and Compact Design
An ergonomic design is essential because it guarantees the shaver fits comfortably in my hand, reducing fatigue during extended grooming sessions. A well-designed shaver is easier to control, making it simpler to navigate around facial contours for a closer, irritation-free shave. Compact models are a real plus—they’re lightweight and easy to maneuver, especially around tricky areas like the jawline and chin. Contoured or curved handles help me maintain a secure grip, preventing slips that could lead to skin irritation or cuts. For travel, small, ergonomic shavers are ideal—they fit comfortably in my hand and suitcase, ensuring I stay comfortable and in control on the go. Overall, a thoughtful ergonomic and compact design considerably enhances the shaving experience for sensitive skin.
Frequently Asked Questions
Are There Specific Blades Suitable for Sensitive Skin?
Yes, there are specific blades designed for sensitive skin. I recommend looking for blades with hypoallergenic coatings or those made from gentle materials like ceramic or titanium, which reduce irritation. Flexing or pivoting blades also help contour your face better and minimize pulling. I’ve found that foil shavers with close-cut blades tend to be gentler, providing a smooth shave without causing redness or irritation.
How Often Should I Replace Shaver Blades for Optimal Comfort?
Did you know that blades become dull after about 12-18 months of regular use? I recommend replacing shaver blades every 12 months for maximum comfort, especially for sensitive skin. Dull blades tug at hair and cause irritation, so staying on top of replacements ensures a smooth, irritation-free shave. If you notice pulling or a decrease in performance sooner, don’t hesitate to swap them out earlier.
Can Electric Shavers Prevent Razor Burn on Sensitive Skin?
Yes, electric shavers can help prevent razor burn on sensitive skin. I find that they glide smoothly, reducing irritation compared to traditional razors. Choosing a shaver designed for sensitive skin, with gentle foil or rotary heads, makes a big difference. I also make sure to prep my skin properly and use a light touch. This combination keeps my skin calm, smooth, and free from redness or bumps.
What Features Help Minimize Irritation During Shaving?
To minimize irritation during shaving, I look for shavers with flexible, hypoallergenic foil or rotary heads that adapt to my skin’s contours. I prefer models with gentle, sharp blades that don’t pull hair, and those with built-in lubricating strips or cooling features to soothe my skin. Using a pre-shave oil or cream also helps reduce friction. These features make my shave smoother and prevent redness or irritation.
Are There Any Recommended Pre- or Post-Shaving Skincare Routines?
I recommend using a gentle, alcohol-free pre-shave toner to soothe your skin and prepare it for shaving. Afterward, apply a fragrance-free, hydrating moisturizer to lock in moisture and calm irritation. I also find that avoiding hot water before shaving helps reduce redness. Consistency with these routines has really improved my skin’s comfort and smoothness, especially when using sensitive skin-friendly electric shavers.
Conclusion
In wrapping up, I want to emphasize that selecting a sensitive skin-friendly shaver is all about finding the perfect pairing of power, precision, and patience. By considering factors like moisture, maneuverability, and maintenance, you’ll master your grooming routine with minimal mishaps. Remember, a mindful approach makes a marvelous, irritation-free finish. So, take your time, trust your tools, and transform your shave into a soothing, sensational experience every single time.
